Implementing the twin transitions: A critical perspective from the Spanish energy sector

Abstract

The “twin transitions” of the European Green Deal are arguably a case of public funding directed at “mission-oriented innovation”. In this paper, we critically discuss state-funded innovation through the lenses of critical studies of technology and innovation. We map NextGenerationEU funds deployed to implement the “twin transitions” in the Spanish energy system. Our results show that (i) the twinning of digitalisation and the energy transition is in strong continuity with smart grids; (ii) it is unclear whether the digitalisation of the electricity system can support a transition towards renewable and clean primary energy sources; (iii) it is unclear whether directing funding towards the big players of the Spanish energy sector, including grid operators and oil and gas companies, favours a socialisation of the benefits of innovation. The paper concludes that the pursuit of the mission-oriented innovation policy of the twin transitions is explained by imaginaries of innovation, which solve the policy problem of dealing with grand challenges regardless of the extent to which specific technologies address these wicked problems. The popularity of digital innovation in sustainability policies means the implications of these arguments extend well beyond the Spanish context.